In the present study, the main purpose is the Qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by Qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Introduction: In Qualitative research the sampling process is usually determined by the methodology employed. However, this is not always evident in published Qualitative research papers as many Qualitative studies appear not to have a clearly defined methodological approach. Indeed, pragmatic researches focus on the need to adopt a flexible rather than rigid approach to application of Qualitative methodologies. Therefore, this study was performed to review previous research to clarify Qualitative sampling. Valid articles and books were used in this review study.Method: The keywords Qualitative research and sampling were searched in Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Medline databases.Results: Although sampling methods in Qualitative research are known as purposive sampling, there is an extensive spectrum of sampling methods such as quota, snowball, theoretical, critical cases, homogeneity, sequential, criterion, and combination sampling.Conclusion: The purpose of sampling in Qualitative research is not to establish a random or representative sample draw from a population, but rather to identify specific groups of people, who either possess characteristics or live experiences relevant to the social phenomenon being studied. Informants are identified because they will enable the exploration of a particular aspect of behavior relevant to the research. The benefits of the Qualitative approach to health care research are becoming increasingly recognized by both academics and clinicians. However, misunderstandings about the philosophical basis and the methodological approach remain. The process of sampling is one of the principal areas of confusion. Sampling is a very complex issue in Qualitative research. This is due to the many variations of Qualitative sampling described in the literature, and much confusion and overlapping of types of sampling.

The aim of this study is to examine Qualitative research in practice. Qualitative research implies processes and methods that are not measured in terms of quantity, amount or frequency. Direct research is one of the strategies used by Qualitative researchers to explain organizational behavior. These article intents to show the results of the researcher's experience in applying direct research to describe managerial roles Iranian administrators play at work. In this study deductive method was used to draw the model of the study and inductive approach to build the theory.

Background and aim: Coherence describes the fit between the aim, the philosophical perspective adopted, and the researcher role in the study as well as the methods of investigation, analysis and evaluation undertaken by the researcher. This review study aimed to elucidate one of the important Qualitative methodology issues entitled coherence, which is usually undermined during a Qualitative study.Materials and methods: The authors logged on to some general and specialized search engines as well as conducted a library research in healthcare and social science textbooks to perform an in-depth study regarding coherence in Qualitative research. The search resulted in 95 articles and 20 textbooks. In spite of the importance of coherence in Qualitative methodology, 23 articles and 7 textbooks had more content regarding the subject, which were employed to write this paper.Findings: The gathered data were classified into 4 categories: the definition of coherence; the proofs for incoherence in Qualitative methodology; the causes of incoherence; and, finally, the strategies for coherence improvement in Qualitative methodology.Conclusion: Different factors may cause incoherence in Qualitative research, which reduce the rigor and credibility of it. In addition, in the long run, it results in uncontrolled methodological diversities and inability to define criteria to judge Qualitative research reports.

The present paper deals with one of the methods of Qualitative research called "discourse analysis method". There is no clear consensus on what the nature of discourse is or what its different dimensions are. The way these discourses function and how to analyze them differ according to the different definitions and the way scientists analyze them. A discourse is simply defined as "particular way of talking about the world and understanding it". This paper deals with discourse analysis in the view of Michel Foucault a contemporary scientist, Foucault's theory about discourse analysis has undergone some changes and it is now known as Fukuyama's genealogy. This paper touches on Foucault's thoughts about discourse analysis and sheds light on the constituent elements of his discourse analysis. Also, an instance of the research in which this method is used is acted in order to show its application.